History of TV Broadcasting Essay

1950s During the 1950s, the University of Santo Tomas and Feati University were exploring different avenues regarding TV. UST showed its home-made beneficiary, while Feati opened a test TV channel two years after the fact. On October 23, 1953, the Alto Broadcasting System (ABS), the trailblazer of ABS-CBN, made its first broadcast as DZAQ-TV Channel 3. The ABS workplaces were then situated along Roxas Blvd. ABS was possessed by Antonio Quirino, sibling of previous president Elpidio Quirino. Therefore, the main broadcast was that of a gathering at the owner’s habitation, procuring Elpidio Quirino the respect of being the principal Filipino to show up on TV. The station worked on a four-hours-a-day plan (6-10PM), covering just a 50-mile span. ABS was later offered to the Lopez family, who later changed it into ABS-CBN By 1957, the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), possessed by the Lopez family, worked two TV stationsâ€DZAQ Channel 3 and DZXL-TV Channel 9. 1960s By 1960, a third station was in activity, DZBB-TV Channel 7, or, the Republic Broadcasting System. It was possessed by Bob Stewart, a long-lasting American occupant in the Philippines who likewise began with radio in 1950. RBS began with just 25 workers, an excess transmitter, and two old cameras. During this time, the most famous repulsiveness arrangement on Philippine TV was Gabi ng Lagim. In 1961, the National Science Development Board was set up. It was behind the most punctual activity to utilize nearby TV for instruction, â€Å"Education on TV† and â€Å"Physics in the Atomic Age.† In 1963, RBS TV Channel-7 Cebu was introduced The Metropolitan Educational Association (META), in collaboration with the Ateneo Center for Television Closed Circuit Project, created TV arrangement in material science, Filipino, and the sociologies which were communicated in chosen TV stations and got by taking part optional schools. The META group was going by Leo Larkin, S.J., with Josefina Patron, Florangel Rosario, Lupita Concio and Maria Paz Diaz as individuals. The undertaking kept going from 1964 to 1974. By 1966, the quantity of exclusive TV channels was 18; ABS-CBN was the greatest system when Martial Law was pronounced. By 1968, the every day TV content comprised for the most part of canned projects; just 10% of projects was privately created. That year, ABS-CBN furnished Filipinos with a live satellite feed of the Mexico Olympics. Filipino crowds additionally observed the Apollo 11 landing live in 1969. 1970s During Martial Law, Ferdinand Marcos requested the conclusion of everything except three TV slots: channels 9 and 13 were inevitably constrained by then Ambassador Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart’s Channel 7 was later permitted to work with restricted three-month licenses. ABS-CBN was seized from the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., at that point leader of the system, was detained. In 1973, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP) was sorted out to give an instrument to self-guideline in the communicate business. By the last piece of 1973, Channel 7 was vigorously paying off debtors and had to offer 70% of the business to a gathering of financial specialists, who changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area (GMA) Radio Television Arts. Stewart had to surrender larger part control to Gilberto Duavit, a Malacaã ±ang authority, and RBS revived under new possession, with another configuration as GMA-7. At the point when the smoke cleared, the watcher had channels 2, 9, 13, run by Benedicto; Duavit’s 7; and 4, which had a place with the Ministry of Information. When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was offered to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the name from CBN to KBS, Kanlaon Broadcasting System. So when a fire decimated the KBS TV studios in Pasay, the individuals of Benedicto assumed control over the ABS-CBN studios on Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. His workers moved in, and by August 1973, KBS was communicating on all ABS-CBN channels. After a year, Salvador â€Å"Buddy† Tan, head supervisor of KBS, revived Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The two Benedicto stationsâ€KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2â€mainly circulated government purposeful publicity. 1980s In 1980, Channels 2, 9, and 13 moved to the recently assembled Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City. In 1980, Gregorio Cendaã ±a was named Minister of Information. GTV Channel 4 got known as the Maharlika Broadcasting System. When Benigno Aquino was killed in 1983, it was a little thing on TV news. GMA Channel 7 gave the memorable memorial service parade 10 seconds of broadcast appointment. In 1984, Imee Marcos, girl of Ferdinand Marcos, endeavored to take over GMA Channel 7, similarly as she did with the Benedictos. Be that as it may, she was thwarted by GMA administrators Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon. On February 24, 1986, MBS Channel 4 went shut off during a live news gathering in Malacaã ±ang and during a trade among Marcos and afterward Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver. The system was in the long run taken over by rebel powers and began broadcasting for the Filipino individuals. On September 14, 1986, ABS-CBN Channel 2 made a rebound and continued telecom following 14 y ears. On Novermber 8, 1988, GMA introduced the â€Å"Tower of Power,† its 777-feet, 100kW transmitter, the country’s tallest man-made structure. In 1988, PTV Channel 4, at that point MBS, was propelled as â€Å"The People’s Station.† 1990s During the 1990s ABS-CBN propelled the Sarimanok Home Page, the station’s Web nearness, making it the principal Philippine system on the Internet. On February 21, 1992, ABC Channel 5 revived with another multi-million-peso studio complex in Novaliches. By 1996, 89% of Filipinos and 57% of Philippine families sat in front of the TV 6-7 days per week. In 1997, the Children’s Television Act (RA8370), accommodating the production of a National Council for Children’s Media Education, was passed. By 1997, 57% of Filipino families had at any rate one TV. 100% of those in class AB had TVs, instead of just 4% in class E. In 1997, the Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation effectively propelled Agila II, the country’s first satellite. By 1998, there were 137 TV slots across the country.

Ancient Roman Meals :: essays research papers

Old Roman Meals      The old Romans were like todays ages in their eating propensities however never ate three healthy dinners daily. Ientaculum and prandium were just hors d'oeuvres that filled their stomachs unitl the huge cena, the occasion they anticipate since arousing. They had names for their suppers like our own, breakfast (ientaculum), lunch (prandium), and supper (cena).      Breakfast, ientaculum was typically taken around nine o'clock and comprised of just a couple of bits of bread sprinkled in salt or dunked in wine, and with a hardly any raisins and olives, and a little cheddar included. The most unfortunate Romans ate minimal other than wheat either squashed to make a porridge or ground into flour for bread.      Lunch, or prandium was generally taken around early afternoon. It was normally nothing in excess of a bit of bread joined by chilly meat, vegetables, and natural product washed down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so short there was no compelling reason to prepare the table or wash ones hands.      The just genuine feast was the night supper or cena. Supper time was for all intents and purposes the equivalent for all Romans because of the absence of counterfeit light. Supper was after the shower toward the finish of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth in summer. The food is generally chilly,- breads, plates of mixed greens, olives, cheeses, and meats remaing from a nights ago supper. Once in a while, hot dishes, for example, ham and pig's heads are eaten upon. Some well off Romans would have upwards of seven courses to benefit from.      Trimalchio, a well off Roman would have a tanned jackass with hors d'oeuvre dishes of olives, stuffed dormice overflowed with nectar and poppy seed, hot hotdogs were laid on a silver barbecue close to pomegranate and damson seeds. The visitors were as yet occupied with the appetizers when a plate would be gotten with a container on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under the straw were Peahen eggs that would base dropped. Each egg contained a fat becafico moved up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve signs of Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the image, slam, bull, crab, figs, lion, and so forth. A few hosts would warm a wfshole pig and afterward engage his visitors by having talented swordmen cut the dad fig like he was slaughtering it. In the wake of eating, numerous visitors would engage each othed sfr in burping. It was thought of respectful to burp and discharge wind after a ni sce dinner. Visitors would just snap their fingers and hirelings would come running with jars to contain pee.

Boosting your Productivity with this Golden Morning Routine

Boosting your Productivity with this Golden Morning Routine Starting a business and managing it is a gratifying career choice. However, it is an extremely time-consuming and demanding process at the same time. As it is easy to get lost in everything that needs to be done and the hours seem to fly by too fast, a proper structure is essential for keeping a clear (and healthy) head. Many things influence the quantity and quality of results.However, proper building blocks always bring forward a stable and fruitful construction. As an entrepreneur, you are the building block and should thus start looking for answers primarily in yourself. One of the things that will certainly arise is the influence your lifestyle has on your business.You do not have to change your whole life in order for your business to work. Balancing different segments is something humans are actually very good at (even though it sometimes does not seem like it). A well structured morning routine can do a great lot in reference to what an entrepreneur needs â€" optimal producti vity and even more than that â€" it allows you to (at least sometimes) actually have a life aside from your business. © Shutterstock.com | gpointstudioIn the following article we will present the factual background of the benefits of an early morning routine (for productivity reasons) and the guidelines for its practical implementation through four sections: 1) Circadian Rhythm and Productivity, 2) The Early Start, 3) Routine â€" Why Does it Boost Productivity, 4) A Golden Morning Routine.CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND PRODUCTIVITYCircadian rhythm (lat. circa dies approximately (a) day’) is the totality of processes that oscillate in the approximate time frame of 24 hours. It is a self-sustained and entrained (adjusted to the entity) biological activity in animals, plants and humans influenced by external elements of light and temperature (and in smaller amounts eating/drinking, exercise, social interaction and other). The circadian rhythm allows living beings to adapt to Earths 24-hour and 12-month cycles.All people notice the variations of their energy levels throughout the day without actually question ing what it is that makes them ready for a take at Mt. Everest in one moment and the inability to move five meters without a considerable effort in the next (whether physically or psychologically). The answer is â€" the circadian rhythm (in a prevailing number of cases). Moreover, this biological process is most noticeably represented in the differentiation between morning and evening types of people.The given circadian rhythm changes during the course of a lifetime â€" children are mostly morning types, adolescents transfer to evening types, adults and seniors change back to morning types. However, in practice, every individual builds up their rhythm through their lifestyle choices, regardless of the above-stated age-related differences.Influences on ProductivityFollowing the natural circadian rhythm ensures timely usage of high energy levels in order to optimize your productivity.The quantity of productivity one can obtain during 24 hours depends on the elements that influence cir cadian rhythm (these elements are called zeitgebers). Of course, productivity levels are also related to the psychological state of the individual (whether overall or in reference to a particular assignment).However, human mind and body generally reach peaks of energy and focus in certain parts of the day â€" high points are around noon and 6 pm. The lowest energy point is proven to be around 3 am. From there the energy levels slowly build up over the course of the morning and reach its peak at noon. This is followed by a decrease in the interval between 1 pm and 4 pm. At this point, the levels rise again peaking at 6 pm and continue to deteriorate towards the lowest point (again, around 3 am).Morning vs. EveningIn addition to (and in correlation with) the oscillation of energy levels, humans are substantially influenced by the exchange of light and dark cycles. This causes different characteristics of morning and evening productivity. The settings upon which our systems work respon d to the light and dark cycles even on a cellular basis.All these elements should be taken into consideration in relation to productivity. It is simply logical that, in order to use our brains highest capacities, we should follow our time clock. This means that waking up early synchronizes our assignments with the building up of our energy and focus. However, this does not mean that evening types are not able to be productive. Research shows that, due to various zeitgebers, evenings can be an excellent platform for creativity â€" due to the lower focus levels, the mind is less attached to structures and can wander off into imagination. The different opportunities are just one other proof of the beautiful balance humans are made in.Can we Change our Circadian Rhythm?Most definitely! Although the process of adaptation to a different circadian rhythm takes some time, it is a time well used for our productivity, and, more importantly, for our health. Following our given inner clock is not an army-structured process, it is living up to our potentials (and actually making things easier).In order to change ones circadian rhythm, it is necessary to gradually and simultaneously move the hour of waking and going to sleep backward. It is as simple as that. Ideally, this would come to a 6 am or 7 am waking point. Most people need six or seven hours of sleep to function properly (kudos to those who need less); therefore, going to bed should not be later than midnight (preferentially around 11 pm).THE EARLY STARTGetting an early start can be a detrimental productivity factor in matters of quantity as well as quality of the work which is being done. Upon waking up one should tend to smaller assignments and gradually, as the focus rises, attend to the most significant and complex parts of work that needs to be done on a particular day. According to our circadian rhythms this type of work should be done somewhere between 11 am and 1 pm. This way one can complete a substantial amount of demanding tasks relatively early in the day, while simultaneously having enough time left to attend other assignments (without the major issues hanging over ones head), rest and even have some leisure time.It is no wonder that people who wake up later have a feeling that half of their day is gone (in matters of optimal productivity it actually has) and accumulate stress over work that has to be done (and their productivity levels are starting to decrease immediately upon waking up). A continuous repetition of such behavior leads not only to smaller success rate but also to health deterioration.Is an Early Start Important for Entrepreneurs?In addition to the overall perks stated above, most entrepreneurs virtually cannot run a successful business as night owls. Majority of the business world operates on a 9 to 5 schedule. While the creative parts of entrepreneurship can be constructed anytime, managing a business must be synchronized with certain time intervals. Most commu nication and transactions must be attended somewhere in the course of the work day. It is crucial to coordinate assignments timely in order to maximize productivity. Ways in which this can be achieved will be discussed in the following sections of the article.ROUTINE â€" WHY DOES IT BOOST PRODUCTIVITY?There is a major difference between a rut and a routine. A rut emerges as a result of continuous repetition of unproductive elements in ones life. It leads to apathy and lack of interest (sometimes even to depression). It is a mainly passive approach to (and perception of) life and is consisted out of maintaining a status quo which does not provide any sense of accomplishment or change (and these two factors are essential for growth and development which are necessary for leading a quality life). Ruts are something every person should fundamentally avoid (entrepreneurs even more so).A routine, on the other hand, is a qualitative process one can incorporate to his/her life in order to b oost productivity and balance out the diverse factors which constitute everyday life. It consists of repetition of a sort. However, this repetition is flexible and carefully constructed so as to improve abilities of dealing with obligations. Moreover, routines serve more as a helpful attachment not a guiding principle.Routines as a Factor of Productivity OptimizationAccording to a number of studies, well structured routines balance human willpower in an effort to reach highest productivity levels. It is clear that one cannot be at the peak of productivity all day long. However, routines can induce optimal productivity throughout the day because they target maintenance of self-control and focus.Regardless of the given energy levels caused by our circadian rhythm (that is, our lifestyle), willpower is a major element which determines productivity. As we wake up, our willpower to work and accomplish things is extremely high. This has beneficial effects on the quality and quantity of ou r focus and self-control allowing us to tackle obligations optimally. However, as the day proceeds, the willpower begins to diminish â€" because it is being used. There is almost nothing more difficult than to make oneself do something one does not feel like doing.However, routines tend to help maintain sufficient levels of willpower (consequently, they are beneficial for productivity). They provide a structure within which assignments and obligations are attended. They work as a psychological system of recognition which emerges from and is controlled by the individual. Stability arises from arranging the ‘what I need’ and ‘what I must’ properly. This means that routines usually embody and balance various elements in order to achieve an appropriate level of contentment necessary for adequate work ethic (hereby we are addressing the work ethic induced from the individual â€" not by implementation of external authority).A GOLDEN MORNING ROUTINEIn this section we are going to a ddress the practical employment of all of the information we have presented above. As it is with all things, knowledge is useless if it is not applied in some way. Therefore, we will begin with a few tips on how to create a productive environment (as this is also important in relation to our quest) and proceed to the construction of a Golden Routine which will skyrocket your productivity!Productive EnvironmentFactors which must be taken into consideration when creating a productive environment are basically the same for most people. Firstly, one must bear in mind that interruptions are one of the biggest enemies to concentration. If it is possible in any way, your workplace should be secluded (but not isolated) and proactive. This applies especially for those who work at home â€" other members of the household must be aware that work hours are work hours.Further on, the workplace must have a substantial amount of light as it ensures attention and concentration. Ideally, the light sh ould be natural. However, if artificial lights are necessary, it is important to make sure their intensity is not too strong or too weak. You do not want to manage yourself (and your employees) as chicks in a chicken factory (constantly kept in an invasive state of alert) or provide an ambiance of a nargile cafe in Istanbul.Additionally, temperature of the workplace should be mild (not too cold or too hot). As every person has different thermal preference, heating or cooling devices can come in handy.Whether you are working alone or with a group of people, try to keep a positive, uplifting, caring attitude (towards yourself and towards others). A good flow of positive energy can do wonders for productivity.The Golden RoutineWhat needs to be reinstated before we proceed to the construction of an early morning routine which will surely boost your productivity is that routines are flexible. People are different and employ a myriad of preferences. These preferences should definitely be incorporated into individual routines. One has to feel comfortable and in sync with oneself with his/her routine because that is the only way optimal productivity can be achieved.However, certain elements should definitely be a part of your routine (because they work!) and here we will present a list of ‘mandatory’ building blocks:Waking up early:  Your alarm should go off from as early as 5:30 and no later than 6:30. It sounds like we are talking about rising with the dawn (actually, we are!). Your body clock is currently in the process of continuous increase, and you should take advantage while you can.Water:  Many early birds accentuate the importance of drinking a larger amount of water upon waking up (somewhere around half a liter of water would be perfect). The water will give your body a kick start and awake the sleepy cells. Moreover, many people forget to drink sufficient amounts of water over the course of the day and this way you can take care of at least a part of it . Mix in some lemon juice if you want â€" it will be a tasty, refreshing and uplifting drink.Coffee/tea +To Do’s/ Low Intensity Work/Assignments:  Prepare a cup of coffee or tea and contemplate your obligations and objectives for the day. Write them down as a rough to do list (it will help stay focused later in the day). Tend to low intensity assignments such as preparation of materials for work, answering and writing e-mails and updating business social networks (if you have them). Finishing these will allow clear concentration while you are attending to the more complex work later in the morning.Activity/Exercise:  Choose some kind of activity or exercise to empty your head and energize your body. It can be 30 minute walk, yoga or a high intensity workout â€" the options are literally endless.Breakfast:  Have a balanced meal before you start to use your grey cells. Whole grain cereals, fruit and yoghurt are an excellent breakfast choices, however, if they do not work for you, op t for something else.Complex Assignments:  Now that you are fed, relaxed and energized, start doing the ‘hard work’. This is the prime time of your concentration and productive capability. Use it well and finish as much as you can before you start feeling your focus and energy decrease.Rest, Low Intensity Assignments, Creative Work:  If you have followed the routine more or less precisely, it is 1 pm and you have done massive amounts of work already (including the most important ones). Bear in mind that some people have yet to wake up. Now you can commit to rest, other assignments (or finishing touches) and creativity without the dark cloud of obligations and stress above your head.Entrepreneurs have a multitude of responsibilities â€" ranging from creativity and management to the overall self-investment into their business and projects. Productivity is a non-negotiable necessity. As we have stated in the article, the circadian rhythm can influence energy levels immensely. On th e other hand, good focus can be instigated and maintained through implementation of a routine. Consequently, a combination of the two can boost productivity significantly. Our Golden Routine guidelines should make a good starting point for maximization of results â€" professional and private likewise.

Private vs. Public School - 1688 Words

Public or Private? That is the Question! Dana Ulett-Hylton Psychology 250 Tamara Moreland Date Introduction- (3 paragraphs) Public School brief synopsis Private School brief synopsis Key Factors that Parents Consider Paragraph 1 (2-3 paragraphs) - Compare and Contrast of both school with expenses Paragraph 2 (2-3 paragraphs)- Compare and Contrast of both schools with governance Paragraph 3 (2-3 paragraphs) - Compare and Contrast of both school with education Paragraph 4- Whats best for the child. Deciding between the two. Does your schooling affect where you would send you children for schools? If so is it beneficial? What the people say-facts or statistics Conclusion†¦show more content†¦In contrast private schools tend to be more costly than public schools. Tuition fluctuates depending on the school. For instance, private schools with religious affiliations are cheaper than prestigious prep schools. Location also determines the price of tuition. Private schools in rural areas are cheaper than those closer to big cities. Bottom line is parents will have to pay something for private schooling. â€Å"According to the U. S. Department of Education Institute of Education Services, Digest of Education Statistics 2009, the average tuition charged for all private schools in 2007-2008 was $8,549.† Besides tuition , parents are held accountable for additional fees or costs. In most cases parents of private school students have to provide their childs transportation or pay a transportation fee. The majority of private schools require a uniform or enforce a strict dress code. Parents must pay for the uniforms as specified by the schools guidelines. Sports and extracurricular activities are continually developing because they are funded through alumni and donations. So what does this mean when deciding between the two schools? Given todays economic struggles, public schools provide financial security to Americans statewide. Although public schools are free, they are normally under funded and provide limited access to learning materials. The additional expenses associated with private schools allow them toShow MoreRelatedPrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat private school is more expensive than public school, but has it ever occurred to you why it is like this? Private schools are not just trying to take your money, they are just trying to provide a quality education, without the government funding that public schools get. The tuition money goes to very important things; high quality teachers, better resources and the overall quality and stability of the institution. It is tru e that private school tuition is expensive, but private schools haveRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of private schools they often think of a quality of education that cannot be found in a public school. Private school education is thought of to be so thorough and innovative that public vouchers are given to individuals just to attend. Many parents could rest easier at night if their kids could attend private school because for generations it has been drilled into the psyche of many that going to private school is a sure way to have a good future. In actuality however, private schools are notRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1428 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in private schools, which almost represents the fifth of students in Saudi Arabia. Although a lot of families prefer to make their children study in private school, that does not mean they are completely satisfied about the schools’ quality and their children’ achiev ement (Al-Hagbani, 2013). Nevertheless, they still enroll their children in private schools, believing they will benefit more from studying in private schools than public schools. In addition, some parents believe that private schoolsRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1207 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction of the Topic Private schools differ from public schools for many different reasons. The major difference is that the government, unlike private schools that are privately funded, funds public schools. Another difference would be that the private schools have more flexibility on what they can teach because the government does not fund them. One other difference that is very prevalent is the social goals of schooling. This topic is a very important issue that many parents struggle withRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools998 Words   |  4 Pagesnation. People today might say that private schools are superior to public schools, saying that they are safer and a better environment to learn in. Some might say that a private school is a way of sheltering your child and not letting them experience opportunities and face many problems to learn from. There are many positives and negatives to both sides; it mainly depends on whom you are talking to. Some parents might want their child to go to a pri vate school because the class size is smaller andRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Schools vs. Private Schools A good education is an essential part of a child’s development. Today, parents have a choice in their child’s education and can evaluate both public and private schools. Although both public and private schools provide education and opportunities for students, parents should evaluate the differences and choose the option that best suits their child and families’ needs. In this paper, I will compare and contrast five major areas that relate to public and privateRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools1027 Words   |  4 Pagesare things to consider before choosing to send your child to a public school or private school. Perhaps doing so would be much easier if you would take the time to research the differences between the two. Public schools are better than private schools because of the diversity, funding and extracurricular activities available. Eileen Gale Kugler, a national advocate for diverse schools, wrote an article about how the diversity in schools makes academic and social improvements. She recalls a memoryRead More Private Schools vs. Public Schools870 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing between a public or a private school for one’s education is as important as deciding where to invest one’s hard-earned money—the consequences influence one’s life forever. In the United States, it is the law for every child to be educated. However, the decision as to where to go for one’s education is up to each individual. There is a great deal of debate as to which is the better option: for-profit private schools or one’s local public school. Ultimately, the decision is made regardingRead MorePrivate Schools vs. Public Schools 1081 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever attended a private institution? What was your experience like? Think back and compare it to your ideal public school, which on e happens to pale in comparison? Public schools, which are controlled by the government, and heavily influenced, by politicians and privateers, hurt your children, not allowing them to reap the full benefits of their growing mind. â€Å"Our schools have been scientifically designed to prevent over-education from happening. The average American [should be] contentRead MorePrivate School Vs. Public School1254 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Private school students are more likely to have a better viewpoint in learning, a firm stance in education, and will be more successful in colleges than of public school students. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: According to NCES data, 88 percent of private high school students apply to college, compared to 57 percent of public high school students. Every day parents contemplate whether to send their children to private or public school. There are many dangers that come with public school

Empaty Lacking Essay - 1662 Words

Jomel Sodusta Professor Wilkinson English 111 16 November 2013 Apathy-Mantra-Death; Apathy-Empathy-Healing William D. Tammeus, a journalist, once wrote that â€Å"You don’t really understand human nature unless you know why a child on a merry-go-round will wave at his parents every time around – and why his parents will always wave back.† This quote beautifully paints a picture of the natural love present between a parent and child. However, sometimes this love becomes obscured and a disconnection occurs that prevents the parent from empathy. The stories â€Å"Two Kinds, and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† show that a parent’s lack of empathy impacts the child’s search for the self in the following phases: first, the search for the self is stunted†¦show more content†¦I pictured this prodigy part of me as many different images, and I tried each one on for size† (Tan 405). However as the time passes by, the mother’s tests driven by a lack of empathy begins to suffocate and stunt the search for the self within Jing-mei. She recalls, â€Å"And after seeing, once again, my mothers disappointed face, something inside me began to die† (Tan 406). As her search for the self is suffocated to its threshold, Jing-mei stands in front of the mirror. Here her search for the self is completely buried and replaced with mantras, â€Å"filled with lots of wont’s. I wont let her change me†¦ I wont be what Im not† (Tan 406). In the second stage, the mantra intensifies and this can be observed in Paul as his mother continues to deprive him of her empathy. While Paul’s search for the self is deeply buried, his initial mantra does get him the luck he is searching for. He wins five thousand pounds to secretly give to his mother. This is an important and emotional gift to her because â€Å"He was very anxious to see the effect of the birthday letter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lawrence 359). This is an open window for Paul’s healing and recovery of the self if she could muster some emotion and empathy for his efforts. Instead, she leaves him still deprived. â€Å"When Paul watched her face as she read the letters†¦ her face hardened and became more expressionless† (Lawrence 359). Asking for one last chance to see emotion capable of love and empathy on her mother’s face, Paul asks,

A Raisin in the Sun †5 Free Essays

â€Å" The whole course of human history may depend on a change of heart in one solitary and even humble individual- for it is in the solitary mind and soul of the individual that the battle between good and evil is waged and ultimately won or lost. † This quote speaks of changes in heart. I believe someone who has a change in anyway, whether it’s in heart o anything else, for good has grown and become dynamic. We will write a custom essay sample on A Raisin in the Sun – 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dynamic is characterized as a constant change in activity or progress. Perhaps the most dynamic character in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun is Beneatha because of her change in identity, career, and love. The first reason why I believe she is the most dynamic character is because of her change in identity. During the beginning of the play Beneatha had straight hair, along with everyone else in her family that was a female. She enjoyed and did not mind her straight hair; until Asagai pointed out that she was conforming to society. He was speaking of the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous, or a simulation. He makes the argument that she should straighten her hair because she should keep her original routes. He begins to speak of being assimilated or, people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family. Another thing that Beneatha to change her identity was listen to different types of music. She did this in the hopes to prove to her family she did not want to conform. She wanted to prove that she could stay true to her heritage. The next thing that led me to believe that Beneatha is the most dynamic character is her change in career. Although Beneatha has chosen a career path, she is not sure what she would like to do in her spare time. She speaks to mama about learning how to play the guitar. Mama says, â€Å"Why you got to flit so from one thing to another, baby? † (Hansberry 47) Beneatha replies, â€Å"I just want to learn to play the guitar. Is there anything wrong with that? † (Hansberry 47) â€Å"Ain’t nobody trying to stop you. I just wonders sometimes why you has to flit so from one thing to another all the time. You ain’t never done nothing with all that camera equipment you brought home-â€Å", Mama says (Hansberry 47). She has pursued several different options, but she is like a kid in a candy store and has an extremely difficult time staying, or sticking to one thing. But the thing about her career that changes isn’t what she wants to do, but why she wants to do it. In the beginning of the play she talks about how she wanted to be a doctor because of a tragic accident she witnessed as a child. Her friends face split open before her eyes, and she thought, â€Å"Well that’s the end of him. † But, one day he returned with just a simply scar on his face, and since then she wanted to be that person to help a child live on. But, in the middle of the play, she loses faith and finds all dreams pointless, she loses sight of everything that she once stood for. Asagai brings her back to reality, and helps her realize that she can make a difference and change the world, one person at a time. At the end of the play it now becomes clear that she wants to help kids in Africa along side of Asigai. The structure of why is changed because love gets mixed within her dreams. My last reason why I believe that Beneatha is a dynamic character is because of her in heart. George Murchison offers the best opportunities for Beneatha and her family. However, Beneatha comes to a startling discovery after spending an evening with George. He says to her, â€Å"I don’t go out with you to discuss the nature of ‘quiet desperation’ or to hear all about your thoughts – because the world will go on thinking what it thinks regardless – â€Å"(Hansberry 97). After George’s departure, Beneatha is speaking to Mama. She says, â€Å"Mama, George is a fool – honest† (Hansberry 97). Even though George is a wealthy, good-looking man, his shallowness becomes his bitter downfall. Beneatha realizes that she can do much better than him, and that she deserves better than him. George is completely oblivious to her revelation and thinks that his opinion is neither ignorant nor cruel. The irony in George’s statement is that Beneatha can make a difference simply by voicing her opinions and letting her presence made known. Even before George made his brutal comments to Beneatha, she was rethinking her choice of companion. This is when she begins to look further into the enigma that is Asagai. Joseph Asagai, an intellectual from Nigeria. Asagai says that Beneatha seeks out those who understand her hardships, her lack of a definite identity, and her need for an intellectual relationship. As is true with almost any young woman, what she thinks she needs and what she actually needs are two strikingly different things. With two men vying for her heart, Beneatha must make a decision regarding who is best for her. She then, at the end the play, realizes this is the man the she wants and should be with. In conclusion, As Beneatha’s interests change, so does who she is. Her ever-changing identity helps to define her as a diverse individual. This is shown through her change in identity, career, and love. Maybe who we are as a person isn’t so much about what we do, but rather what we’re capable of when we least expect it. Never doubt oneself and don’t worry about what others think, because sometimes change can be a good thing, and sometimes change is needed. How to cite A Raisin in the Sun – 5, Essay examples

Da Nang And Hue in My Heart Essay Example For Students

Da Nang And Hue in My Heart Essay I was born in Quang Ngai city, but my parents met each other when they came from Da Nang city and Hue city. Indeed, I feel very excited because every member in my family was born in three differences places, so it is very interesting for me to learn about. Every year, I always visit my two lovely places where I was raised when I was a child, and my grandparents feel very happy when I meet them on New Year’s Day. Da Nang and Hue are both cities that have changed in many different ways from 1995 to 2015, so it is very interesting hearing my parents tell me what things happened during these years. We will write a custom essay on Da Nang And Hue in My Heart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now First of all, my father was born in Da Nang city, so I want to talk about the investment of the government in Da Nang city in the past twenty years. Today, Da Nang city is a big city which was built as a large port in the middle of Viet Nam, so it was developed very well by the government at that time. Since 1997, Da Nang became municipal in Viet Nam, so it has made many changes in a positive direction. For over ten years, the visitors around the world were increased for traveling through Da Nang international airport, so the government always encourages the city to develop more in many different aspects. For examples, Da Nang International Airport is being invested to upgrade totaling eighty-four million dollars by 2012 with the capacity to welcome four million passengers per year (â€Å"About†). It is a good transformation for this city because in the past, the port was very small and infamous at that time, so it is amazing for the growing fast of this city and its bright future. In addition to developing the investment of Da Nang, the landscape of the city also attracts people from everywhere with one of the best beaches in the world. In fact, My Khe beach was not popular in 1995 because Viet Nam wasn’t a well-known country in the world, and everybody really didn’t know much about Da Nang. My father clearly remembers that he didn’t see anybody go to the beach at that time because it did not attract people with the beautiful landscape. Not many people lived near beaches, so many Vietnamese denied going to My Khe beach. However, the government has made an effort to spread the very beautiful beach to the world, and everybody is now attracted by its natural beauty. For instance, â€Å"today My Khe beach is one of Asias prettiest and most historic, with yellow sand stretching for almost 20 miles, and traditional round woven boats one of the best ways to ride the waves† (â€Å"My†). This is the best comment about it, so many tourists can’t wait to see and set foot in the very special sand of this land. Moreover, the rise of many gorgeous hotels and resort plazas is very successful for this city, so many investors now realize a good chance for their business in tourism. I feel very proud of my father’s native land, so he can show me more about his favorite land. Moreover, I also like my mother’s city because the status of her city is very different and lively compared to other cities. I always love to listen to my mother’s saying when she was still a young lady, so it is very surprising when she comes back to her land after twenty years of living in another city. For examples, the Hue Bridge is very attractive and graceful nowadays because it was rebuilt and fixed for more better than the past, but she still remembers how bad of this bridge had been through the war was. .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .postImageUrl , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:hover , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:visited , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:active { border:0!important; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:active , .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06 .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9e4cf15596cd1c91f1c739249bf9c06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oppositional Defiant Disorder EssayI feel very excited and really want to visit it once times because it was designed and constructed by the French Resident Superior in Central Vietnam – Là ©vesque- assigned Eiffel of France (Hue’s). It is so amazing and surprising to me because many fights have destroyed this bridge many times, but it is still very firm and undefeated. Furthermore, Hue is also my mother’s favorite place because she enjoys talking about her growing city. However, â€Å"Poetic Hue, dreamy and romantic Hue, Hue city of two World Heritages† (â€Å"Hue†) is one of the many comments about the beauty of this city, so I still remember that many things were very different from now. The Emperor Citadel is one of the biggest places that I really like because many years ago it was very ugly and old since 1995, but after five years, this place is really attractive and gorgeous. I couldn’t imagine it if I had only heard about it from my mother’s sayings, so it is very hard to deny the beauty of this place. For instance, â€Å"being one of Vietnam’s seven UNESCO World Heritages sites† (â€Å"Hue†) is very proud for Vietnamese, so Hue used to hold many concerts in the front of The Emperor Citadel. It attracts many travellers from all over the world, and the popularity of this event will increase every day and everywhere. Many places and streets are decorated by the culture of many years, so it feels very exciting and unbelievable. Finally, I would like to introduce the Festival Hue which is prepared and starts every two years in April, so it is the best cultural of Hue city. The first event was organized and arranged very small and unprofessional because in the year of 1992, Vietnam wasn’t still developed and affiliated in the area and the whole world, so it was an insignificant event and trivial at the time. After many years of improvement and reconstruction, the new face of the event was created and showed to many Vietnamese and friends from all over the world, so the standard of organization board was spread out and higher than old times. For example, to celebrate the 8th Hue Festival 2014 was held from 12th to 20th April 2014 with the theme â€Å"Integration and Development for Culture and Heritages† (â€Å"8th Hue†), so there were many concerts and parades following that big event. The best show of the 2014 festival was the Artistic Firework at the Hue Festival Finale (â€Å"Tony†), so it was the emotional unforgettable night before the conclusion of the show. In conclusion, there are many changes in both cities based on the twenty past years, but it is very good for many people because it extremely important for life every day. Indeed, people always try to make their lifestyle better, so it’s a bad feeling if we see that the place doesn’t exist anymore. Besides, I will take any pictures whenever I go, and save them in an album for my experiences traveling. In these two cities, the emotion of feeling about the city will absolutely impact my memory very much, and I will never forget every experience. The most interesting thing about me is I always try to travel to two places, so it is a very good and wonderful adventure for me. Bibliography: ABOUT.  VIVU DA NANG. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 July 2015 My Khe beach among the 6 most luxurious in the world.  SEAWONDERHOTEL. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2015. Le, Pha. Hue’s ancient bridge of Truong Tien.  VietNamNet Bridge. N.p., 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 13 July 2015. NHUNG, TUYET. Hue – an ancient citadel of Vietnam.  Vietnam Beauty. N.p., 5 Aug. 2008. Web. 13 July 2015. Hue Imperial Citadel.  VietnamOnline. Ed. TRUC NGUYEN and DAT NGUYEN. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2015 8th Hue Festival to be held in April 2014.  Hue Festival 2014. N.p., 18 May 2013. Web. 13 July 2015. T, Tony. Century Riverside Hue Hotel Photo: Fireworks at the Hue Festival Finale 2014.  Tripadvisor. N.p., Apr. 2014. Web. 14 July 2015.

Title The Greatest Generation Essays - Margaret Ringenberg

Title: The Greatest Generation Author: Tom Brokaw Summary: This book tells the stories of 50 young people who grew up during the depression and fought in World War II then came home to build America into a super power that could win the cold war. In one of the first lines of the book Tom Brokaw states, ?I think this is the greatest generation that society has ever produced.? I can't even imagine all the obstacles that they had to overcome. These men and women were born in the roaring twenties when our economy was booming and prohibition was in force. They went from boom to the greatest bust in American history, the great depression. They watched their parents lose their farms and business and then were called upon to fight the two greatest war machines of the twentieth century. After defeating these aggressors the young men and women came home and got married producing the baby-boomers. The GI bill allowed more of them to get a college education than any other generation. Instead of resting on their laurels they turned the industrial machine that won the war into one of greatest peacetime economies in history. The infrastructure of highways, bridges and dams that we use today was built by these enterprising men. There were also mistakes made, McCarthyism was allowed to flourish and racism went unchallenged for much to long. This book wasn't just about history but about people stories and experiences. Tom Brokaw presents a very balanced view telling not just stories about young white men storming the beaches on D-Day but also about women in the service and those who stayed home. He also tells the stories of Japanese and African American men who were fighting to defend a country that was persecuting them. Major Characters: There are 50 major characters in this book and it would impossible for me to even mention something meaningful about everyone of them so I will pick three that I thought exemplified the spirit of the book. Ordinary People, Charles O. Van Gorder, MD: Charles was a thirty-one year old captain when he was asked to drop behind enemy line with the paratroopers during the D-Day invasion. His glider crash landed at 4:00 am on June 6. He was lucky unlike so many others no one was hurt in his glider. That changed very quickly, by 9:00 am he and his fellow doctors had set up their MASH unit. Van Gorder and the other surgeons worked for 36 hours straight operating on hundreds of wounded paratroopers while wearing their combat helmets the whole time. When Charles finally went back to his tent to get some sleep he found that a German shell had hit and destroyed it just a few minutes earlier. Van Gorder stayed with the 101st Airborne division throughout 1944 until he was captured by German soldiers during the Battle of Bastone. Van Gorder had suffered shrapnel wounds in his so he had to be supported by his friend Dr. Rodda. Charles and the other POWs were packed into a box car headed east into Germany when their train came under attack from A merican fighters so Dr. Van Gorder organized the prisoners into a giant human sign saying: USA POWS. Not long after Charles and Dr. Rodda escaped and made their way back west to American lines. After serving for 5 years and 30 straight months overseas he finally returned home to his wife Helen. Helen had given birth to Rod while Charles was in North Africa but Rod died of SIDS with out ever having met his father. Van Gorder turn down a high paying, prestigious New York fellowship to set up a practice in his hometown of Andrews, Tennessee. Dr. Van Gorder spent the rest of his life caring for the loggers of that Smoky Mountain hamlet. Women in Uniform and Out: Margaret Ray Ringenberg When Margaret Ringenberg took her first flight at the age of 7 she fell in love with flying. So after she graduated from high school she started taking lessons at the local airfield and she got her pilots license when she was only 21, just in time to apply for WASP. WASP stood for Women's Air Force Service Pilots and

Ethics in Reporting Political Issues and Elections

Ethics in Reporting Political Issues and Elections Summary The first decade of democracy in South Africa saw drastic changes in the media in relation to the normative frameworks, the ownership of the media companies, and a broadening audience.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Ethics in Reporting Political Issues and Elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These changes propagated more friction between the government and the media because of content coverage, and the need for the politicians in power to protect their reputations. Structural issues of the media were a particular source of conflict between the media and the post-apartheid government. For instance, in 1994, Mandela was among the first politicians to condemn the media companies because they were racially imbalanced. Most of the companies were still owned by white men who had no experience in the dynamics of the difficult life that the majority of the South Africans led (Wasserman, 2006). The situation got worse toward the end of the 1990s, and the Human Rights Commission was compelled to conduct an investigation of the alleged cases of racism on the part of the media. Strengths and Weaknesses The conflict between the South African media and the government led to the development of a workshop to develop media ethics to ensure that the media didn’t serve as a tool for spreading racism. Thabo Mbeki, the successor of Mandela also indicated his worry that the media companies were extremely biased in reporting political issues of the nation (Wasserman, 2006). One of the strengths of the South African media over the years has been the ability to highlight the multicultural issues that face the citizens. Its greatest weakness has been the attainment of a balance in unbiased reporting in relation to the issues facing the minority and the majority racial groups.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Significance and Implication to Ethics in Reporting The implications of ethical reporting in the nation were the development of cohesion in the society by using the media as a tool for preaching peace and love to the nation. Working under the set guidelines also meant that journalists in the different media houses had to take part in a national audit that evaluated their qualifications. The development of ethics in reporting saw the South African media undergo various phases of change. The media started from the exclusionary phase, whereby the whites and the blacks had their respective media reporters who covered information relevant to the respective groups. The threatening-issue phase was engulfed by the whites media reports that portrayed blacks as a threat to peace. The confrontational phase began after independence, whereby the government fought to change the ownership of the media. The stereotypical selection phase involved the elimination of racially focused reporting to address other stereotypes in the society like gender. The current stage is the multi-racial coverage stage, which entails the media and the government striving to eliminate racial bias in reporting. Contribution to Understanding International Media Through the lens of the eye of the South African Media, one can understand the dynamics of reporting, whereby the media is always on a quest to deliver public interests. Media reporting is a powerful tool that can build or destroy a society, depending on the willingness of companies to embrace reporting ethics. South Africa’s case also enlightens people about the constant conflicts that the international media companies face with different political entities. Critical Questions What is the distinction between public interests and national interests? Who is the victim in unethical reporting, the government, the media or the public? Should people always trust the media to deliver publi c interests? What can compel the media to become an advocate for national and international cohesion among the people in the society?Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Ethics in Reporting Political Issues and Elections specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary The article focuses on safety for journalists in their workplaces. Journalists who remain adamant about broadcasting the truth and criticizing politicians and their ideas have faced a rough time (â€Å"Media and Political Globalization,† 2011). Many journalists have been killed under mysterious circumstances that point to their boldness in reporting political issues. For instance, the beheading of the renowned journalist, Daniel Pearl, revealed the danger that journalists face in different parts of the world as they try to report on different political issues. Many international organizations have taken the responsibility of addressing the pligh t of journalists. For instance, UNESCO, CPJ, Reporters without Borders, and many other organizations have developed programs that look to advocate the protection of journalists and their freedom of expression. It is apparent that the globalization of politics has led to the rise in killings of journalist. In the past, journalists from different nations could mingle with conflicting groups without the danger of being attacked. In the current state of globalization, journalists are becoming easy targets for terrorist groups and other conflicting militants. Strengths and Weaknesses Many journalists have died in mysterious circumstances, and this is an indication that the freedom accorded to the media is only theoretical (â€Å"Media and Political Globalization,† 2011). Others have been killed while handling fieldwork, whereby their encounters with terrorists turns sour. Journalism is a dangerous profession, especially for those who dare to report controversial stories. The globa lization of the media and politics has led to an addition to the political pressures that journalists and their media companies face while reporting. One of the strengths of being in the media is the power to change the world through the delivery of authentic controversial political information. It is, however, a dangerous endeavor for most journalists.Advertising Looking for critical writing on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Significance and Implication to Ethics in Reporting Ethics in reporting dictate that the media should always give authentic information to the people. Inciting the society to make specific political decisions is unethical, and it should be eliminated by ensuring the media is protected from politicians and business entities (â€Å"Media and Political Globalization,† 2011). Failing to observe the required ethics presents the media as a direct enemy and hurdle to both public and national interests. Contribution to Understanding International Media The media companies are perfect tools for influencing political changes across the world. The article highlights different cases of journalists who have faced the ultimate injustice in the quest to bring information to the international community. The article clearly highlights the need for the international community to develop mechanisms to safeguard journalists in their work. Reporting issues of public and international interests ha s continually become a challenge because of the dangers that journalists face at work (â€Å"Media and Political Globalization,† 2011). The article paints a clear picture of the dangers of being involved in international journalism. The changing climate of politics in the globe has subjected journalists to murderous treatment by conflicting political groups, and this call for the international community to focus on the plight of journalists. Critical Questions What is the plight of journalists? What factors in the globalization of politics have led to the sudden change in the way conflicting groups treat journalists? Does the bias in reporting political issues have a role to play in the current challenges facing journalists across the world? Which intervention programs, besides the existing efforts, must be implemented? References Media and Political Globalization: Killing Stories-and Journalism. (2011). In J. Lule (Ed.), Globalization and Media: Global Village of Babel (pp. 95-120). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Wasserman, H., De Beer, A. S. (2006). Debating the media’s role in post-apartheid South Africa. In K. Voltmer (Ed.), Mass media and political communication in new democracies (pp. 59-73). London: Routledge.

Interview a supervisor or manger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Interview a supervisor or manger - Essay Example Budgeting is an important tool to run a business operation effectively. Proper planning and analysis is necessary before preparing a budget. According to my experience, a budget should be realistic; the capital you need to raise and the revenue you expect should all be included. 3. What methods have you developed to improve operational efficiency? Operational efficiency can be improved in many ways. We provide employees with â€Å"constant access to information† (10 Tips 2013). A secure and reliable infrastructure is maintained for network facilities. 4. Can you recall any problem among the employees that you recently solved and how you have done it? One problem that I recently came across is that of work distribution. Experienced workers expect a better position in the enterprise and provide satisfactory output, whereas less experienced workers provide lower outputs. This was solved by recruiting employees according to their experience level for each particular task. 5. How d o you go about delegation of tasks and ensuring that it is successfully completed? In delegation of a task and ensuring it’s successful completion, first step is to choose the right employee for the task. Before delegating a task, we make sure that he/she completely understands the task and can independently perform it. Delegation of a task should necessarily be followed with giving the authority to take control upon the task. 6. While assigning a task, can you describe how you demonstrated confidence in that employee? As I stated earlier, giving the employee complete control over the work delegated provides the necessary motivation to carry out the task effectively. 7. Have you motivated your employees by giving incentives and rewards? Incentives and rewards are frequently used to motivate employees for achieving certain criteria in the tasks assigned. For example, incentives are given for ensuring high quality of work, for providing good leadership in group work, etc†¦ . 8. Can you describe an occasion when the need to motivate a member of your Staff has risen? The need to motivate Staff arises on different occasions. Under-performance, un-becoming behavior in the work place, non-compliance with the rules, procedures and policies of the organization, etc., are to name a few such occasions. 9. When do you provide training to the staff? Firstly, induction and orientation training is imparted to new employees. Training is also provided at several other stages. For instance, when performance needs to be improved, when employees need to be made aware of any changes and new developments, etc training is provided. 10. What do you think to be most challenging in being a Manager? As a Manager I would say the most challenging work is management itself. This is challenging management is totally different from the work of an individual performer. Managing others and coordinating them to achieve a common goal is a difficult task. The success of this coordinati on is in the hands of an effective and knowledgeable Manager. Discussion of the Interview: From this interview, I learnt that performance evaluation may be utilized efficiently to recognize, develop, reward, redirect and document the functioning of the employees. The four steps used to evaluate the employee performance are collect and select, describe and document, develop and review and conduct and summarize. Collect and select the data desirable to impact workers’

Creating conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating conflict - Essay Example He gives up and lights his cigarette. Leah stands to walk away escaping the toxic fumes of the cigarette. Jack feels sorry for her but this is a smoking zone he points out a notice on a nearby stand written in capital, ‘SMOKING ZONE’. Lost in his thoughts he hears a commotion and a loud scream. Leah has just been robed her bad and pushed to the ground. The thief is running towards the Jack with Leah’s back in his hands. Subconsciously jack trips the thief by putting his feet across his path. He falls down in a loud thud. Nearby park police officers who heard the commotion reach on time to grab the thief. Leah is now on her feet and is smiling at Jack. She offers her had to greet him. Maybe this was the ice breaker that Jack needed. He offers her a Cigarette again which she accepts without hesitation. John stealthily sneaks into the back door escaping the eagle eye of his manager. He had refused to grant him an early leave to attend Maya’s birthday he was getting late and he had ten more minutes to go. He opens the find the door is locked. He looks up and sees the old window open. He climbs up and squeezes through the tiny window tearing his pants in the process. He falls in a loud thud on the basement behind the restaurant and sprains his ankle. Battered and torn, he is determined not to disappoint the love of his life. He quickly looks through his pockets for his wallet. Unfortunately he has left it on his locker room together with the necklace he had bought for the gift. He is distraught but he can not disappoint Maya as he had done before when he failed to remember her birth day. He decides to trek to James home to get assistance. He takes a short cut through a dark early. He sees two men approach him. He is scared he starts to run back but he is too slow due to the injury. They catch up to him and rough him up. They do not find anything to steal. One of the men gives him a punch on the stomach that knocks him

Creating an E-Health System

Creating an E-Health System Infrastructure of the E-Health ABSTRACT This project is based on the e-health which provides medical advice, latest news on diseases general information, registration of patient, patient records maintaining ,telephone helpline, health news by e-mail, patient health observation, list of hospitals searching for particular hospital and doctor, before and after comparisons, providing health demos. Providing tips for health and food. The main aim is to provide full detail information and support regarding any disease to patient. It is the medium between a doctor and a patient. The main goal of the project is to give User friendly features. It is a web application which shows and helps patients to collect most of the information about Hospitality and Medical Services. It can used by the patients to view the list of doctors available in their cities and take appointments of doctors with the help of this site. The site will include different articles from famous doctors through e-mail facility. There will be online help for and counseling etc†¦ patients through e-mail facility. It is maintained by an administrator. User accounts for patients. The data is well protected for personal use and makes the data processing very fast. Receive emails from doctors and specialists about diseases, preventive measures and general awareness. User should be able to search the records for doctors, patients and related medication information, tips for the health and diet along with the user record. Unique platform to maintain transparency and accuracy along with formatted order with proper maintenance of data records. Health information technology plays an important role in supporting decision making, health care delivery system , and management of health services. Many socio-technical factors affect physicians adoption and implementation of health information systems. Place to post ads. As it is a web-enabled project low cost and time of project deployment and maintenance. Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT In the present e health is maintained through the storing the information into a single system and then using the search engines to search the data which user wants to. In the current scenario maintaining the search engines and maintaining the data costs a lot and can be feasible if data is in huge volumes. It cannot be feasible for small volumes of data. Data management is enough and it will be a best feasible solution if the data is stored in records and fetched through the simple forms. It will provides medical advice, latest news on diseases general information, registration of patient, patient records maintaining ,telephone helpline, health news by e-mail, patient health observation, list of hospitals searching for particular hospital and doctor, before and after comparisons, providing health demos. Providing tips for health and food. It is the medium between a doctor and a patient. The main goal of the project is to give User friendly features. It is a web application which shows and helps patients to collect most of the information about Hospitality and Medical Services. It can be used by the patients to view the list of doctors available in their cities and take appointments of doctors with the help of this site. The site will include different articles from famous doctors through e-mail facility. In current system displays pages in continuously but it is very lengthy and very difficult to the user to search what he needed for user easiness here we provide + a nd buttons before that heading if he want to see items on that particular pages he can click + button and see the sub items. Finally we will provide 3 dropdown links problem name, hospital name, doctor name and by selecting them we want to give e-mail confirmation regarding appointment. And the patient information also viewed by the doctor and telephone number is used for tele-medication. Objectives:- Objectives of this project is to provide the simple web based forms to User with simple interactive forms to maintain transparency, accuracy and simply effective in maintaining the data over recent past years. Here user can register, enter patient related data along with the options to maintain or update the user own records where all those records can be maintained in the database. User can be able to search the records for doctors, patients and related medication information, tips for the health and diet along with the user record. There is no or unique platform to maintain transparency and accuracy along with formatted order with proper maintenance of data records. Data management is very conventional and complicated manner. No existing mechanism to handle this situation in the present market. Just this causing wasting unnecessarily time and cost. In the present e health is maintained through the storing the information into a single system and then using the search engines to search the data which user wants to. In the current scenario maintaining the search engines and maintaining the data costs a lot and can be feasible if data is in huge volumes. It cannot be feasible for small volumes of data. Data management is enough and it will be a best feasible solution if the data is stored in records and fetched through the simple forms. As I am using small forms and a simple data base, following SDLC phases. Before this in the primary research I have done with gathering overall objective of my research topic E health. As a secondary research I have collected the sample data to use, creating the functional flows, best ways to implement this. Chapter 2 EXISTING SYSTEM Existing system refers to the system that is being followed till now. Presently all the health functionalities or services are completed manually. That is if a patient want to consult a doctor he can visit their till his chance called or call-up and take appointment in office hours. To know any general information about any epidemics or diseases that causes panic among the people if not rightly informed on right time. This makes the person very difficult. Out Patient and In Patient tickets are distributed directly. The main disadvantage is that there will be lot of difficulty for the patient. So, all these procedures will be a time consuming one. Draw backs of existing system: Difficult for patients Time consuming. To avoid all these limitations and make the working more accurately the system needs to be online. PROPOSED SYSTEM The aim of proposed system is to develop a system of improved facilities. The proposed system can overcome all the limitations of the existing system. The system provides data accuracy and save disc space. The existing system has several disadvantages and many more difficulties to work well. The proposed system tries to eliminate or reduce these difficulties up to some extent. The proposed system will help the user to consume time. The system requires very low system resources and the system will work only in internet connection. In the existing system displays pages in continuously but it is very lengthy and very difficult to the user to search what he needed for user easiness here this application will provide + and buttons before that heading if he want to see items on that particular pages he can click + button and see the sub-items in Treeview form. In existing system/site he shows time that is not updated continuously but in our application we have implemented timely updates for every second. Finally we have provided 3 dropdown links problem name, hospital name, doctor name and by selecting them system will to give e mail confirmation regarding appointment. And the patient information also viewed by the doctor and telephone number is used for tele-medication. Advantages of Proposed System : The system is very simple in design and to implement. The system requires very low system resources and the system will work in almost all configurations. It has got following features This website will provide online help for patients and counseling / advices for specialists. This website helps all the users to view the list of doctors available in their cities User is provided the option of monitoring the records that he enter earlier and also he can see the required records with the multiplicity of options provided by him. From each part of the project the user is provided with the links all the way through framing so that he can go from one option of the project to other as per the necessity. This is bound to be easy and very friendly as per the user is concerned. That is, we can say that the project is user friendly which is one of the major concerns of any good project. This website will help take appointments of doctors for the users. In the existing system displays pages in continuously but it is very lengthy and very difficult to the user to search what he needed for user easiness here this application will provide + and buttons before that heading if he want to see items on that particular pages he can click + button and see the sub-items in Treeview form. Chapter 3 3. FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility study is about the viability of a system. The proposed system has to be examined for its technical, economical and operational feasibility. This system for posting news and working the website was inspected with all these aspects in mind. 3.1.1 Technical Feasibility It is the process of assessing the development internet websites ability to construct a proposed system. Test is made to see whether reliable hardware and software, technical resources capable of meeting the needs of a proposed system can be acquired or developed by webpage in the required time. In this process, since Dot.Net is used for developing the simple internet application, its seemed to be very feasible. While accessing the technical feasibility, the various issues that are considered are system performance, system interfaces, development processes, risks, failure immunity and security. This system is proven to be technically feasible. 3.1.2 Economic Feasibility It is a process of identifying the airfare search benefits with a development project. This project is found to be economically feasible since security is the need of the time. The search benefit analysis is made considering the intricacies such as time to considerations, get more details, effectiveness, and maintainable design. 3.1.3 Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility study is a must, because it ensures that the project implemented in the web pages works the feasibility should be high. The operational feasibility of this project is very high as it automates document control and web interface, which is easy and friendly for the user to use it. 3.2. SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Pentium-IV or higher Hard Memory : 20GB or higher Monitor : 1024 * 768 Resolutions Ram : 1GB 3.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Front End : ASP.Net Back End : Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Operating System : Windows XP Language : C#.Net Framework : .Net 2.0 3.2.3 CLIENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Browsers : IE 7 or above, Firefox 2 or above Flash Player : 8 or above Monitor Resolution : 1024*768 Resolution 3.3 ASP. NET ASP.NET it is a part of the .NET Framework and also a new platform from Microsoft for creating applications that are highly distributed across the Internet. Highly distributed means the components of the application, as well as the data, may reside anywhere on the Internet rather than all being contained inside the one software program somewhere. Each part of an application can be referred and accessed by using a standard procedure. ASP.NET is the part that provides the features easily tie up all this capability together for coherent web-based applications. It is a programming framework, but there is a primary difference between this and traditional ASP it uses Common Language Runtime (CLR) capable of running compiled code on a web server to deploy powerful wed-based applications. ASP.NET still use HTTP to communicate to the browser and back, but it can brings added functionality that makes the communication process much richer. If any files have the appropriate extension or contain code then the server routes those files to ASP.NET for processing prior to sending them out to the client. The script or code is then processed and the appropriate content is generated for transmission back to the browser/client because the processing takes place before the results are delivered to the user and also all manner of functionality can be built-in such as database access, component usage and the ordinary programmatic functionality available with scripting languages. ASP.NET applications can be coded by using the plain text edited such as notepad, although this is not the most proficient method to use. Developing of all the other resources that might be required for a particular ASP.NET application, particularly for the user interface, may involve range of particular tools including image-editing programs and HTML editors. 1. ASP.NET also enables you to separate HTML design from the data retrieval mechanism. Therefore changing the HTML deign does not affect the program that retrieve data from the databases. Similarly, server-side scripting ensures that changing data sources does not require a change in HTML documents. 2. ASP.NET has a number of advance features that help you develop robust web applications. The advance features of ASP.NET are based on the .NET Framework. 3.3.1 ASP.NET in .NET Framework ASP.NET, which is the .NET version of ASP, is built on Microsoft .NET Framework. Microsoft introduced the .NET Framework to help developers create globally distributed software with Internet functionality and interoperability.ASP.NET application include WEB Forms, configuration files and XML, web service files. ASP.NET has a number of advance features that help you develop robust web applications. The advance features of ASP.NET are based on the .NET Framework. 3.3.2 FEATURES OF ASP.NET 1. Compiled Code Code written in ASP.NET is compiled and not interpreted. It makes ASP.NET applications much faster to execute than other server- side scripts that are interpreted such as scripts written in a previous ASP. 2. Enriched Tool Support The ASP.NET Framework is provided with a rich toolbox and designer in VS.NET IDE.Some of the features of this powerful tools are drag-and-drop server controls and automatic deployment. 3. Power and Flexibility The ASP.NET applications are based on the Common Language Runtime (CLR). 4. Simplicity ASP.NET enables you to build user interfaces that separates application logic from the presentation content. In addition, CLR simplify the application development by using managed code services, such as garbage collection and automatic reference counting. 5. Manageability The ASP.NET allow you to manage Web applications by storing the configuration information in an XML file . You can also open the XML file in the visual Studio .NET IDE. 6. Scalability ASP.NET has been designed with scalability and it has some features that helps you to improve performance in a multiprocessor environment. 7. Security ASP.NET has a options for implementing security and restricting the user access to a web application. All these options are cond within the same configuration file. 3.3.3 ASP.NET Architecture ASP.NET is based on the fundamental architecture of the .NET Framework. Visual Studio provides a standardized way to combine the various features of this Architecture. Architechture of Asp.Net Architecture is explained form bottom to top in the following discussion. At the bottom of the Architecture is Common Language Runtime(CLR) .NET Framework CLR resides on the top of the operating system services. The common language runtime masses and executes the code that targets the runtime. This code called as managed code. The runtime gives an example that is ability for cross language integration. .NET Framework provides set of class libraries. These classes include in base classes, like input ,output and networking classes . The ADO.NET is Microsofts ActiveX Data Object (ADO) model for .NET Framework. The 4th layer of the framework consists two types of applications they are Windows application model and in parallel Web application model. The Web application model presents ASP.NET it includes Web services and Web forms. ASP.NET comes with built-in control Web Forms which are responsible for generating the user interface(UI). One of the important themes of .NET is association and interoperability between different programming languages. In order to achieve this certain rules must be laid and all the languages must be following these rules. In other words we dont have languages to running around their own extensions and their own new data types. CLS is the collection of the rules and constraints that every language (that seeks to achieve .NET compatibility) should follow. In general the CLR and the .NET Frameworks are designed in such a way that the code has been written in one language we cannot badly used by another language. Hence ASP.NET can be coded in any of the .NET compatible languages whether it is VB.NET, C#(C SHARP), Managed C++ or JavaScript.NET. 3.4 C#.Net C# (C-Sharp) is one of the object-oriented programming languages developed by Microsoft. C# is a modern, object-oriented language it enables programmers to quickly build a wide range of applications for the new Microsoft .NET. Which provides tools and services that are fully exploited in both computing and communications? C# original called codename is Cool† being released as a beta in 2000. After that Microsoft released different version of language including the latest release of C# 2.0. Some of the basic features of the C# programming language they are namespaces, type-safe variables, multi-dimensional arrays, jagged arrays, operator overloading, indexers, delegates, versioning, attributes and overriding. C# also have two types of parameters they are pass by reference and pass by value and also have xml based documentation with some special comment tags, Integration with COM components are developed using Visual Studio 2005. 3.4.1 FEATURES OF C# v There are no pointers used in C#. v In C# Unsafe operations are not allowed like direct memory manipulation. v In C# we dont use â€Å":† or -> operators. v C# based on the current trend it is very powerful and simple for construct robust applications. v C# includes built in support to turn any component into a web service that can be invoked over the Internet from any application running on any platform. v C# supports encapsulation, polymorphism and interfaces. v In C# we cannot convert double to a Boolean. v C# supports the COM and windows based applications. 3.4.2 SQL Server SQL Structured query language. 3.4.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER: To create a database that determines the name of the user (who creates the database) and database size. Then all file groups are used to store it and retrieve it. Before creating a database we must follow these steps: * Take Permission to create a database defaults to members of the system administrator and Database Creator has some fixed server roles, although they can grant permissions to other users. * User who creates their own database becomes owner of the database. * We can create maximum of 32,767 databases on a server. * Name of the database must be follows rules for identifiers. Three types of files are used to store a database:  · Primary files Primary files contain the startup information for the database. It can also used for stores the data. one primary file allocated to one database.  · Secondary files Secondary files hold all the data that data is not fit into the primary data file. In Databases primary file cannot hold all the data in that situation we use secondary file. Some databases have large data files so we need to use secondary files or some databases may use secondary files on separate disk drives to spread the data into multiple disks.  · Transaction log Log files are used to hold the log information and to recover the database. Each database contains one log file although there may be more than one log file. Minimum size the log file is 512 kilobytes (KB). It specifies a maximum size to which the file is permitted to grow. This prevents the file is growing data is added until the disk space is exhausted. To specify a maximum size of file we used to write MAXSIZE parameter. CREATING DATABASE PLAN: The first step of the database creation is creating a plan that serves both guide to be used for database implementation and functional specification for the database after that it has been implemented. Detailed database design is dictated by the complexity and size of the database application as well as the user population. Database can vary nature and complexity as well as planning of application. Single person can easily design and use a database or it can be large or complex for example, bank can handle many of transactions at a time. In planning database we use these basic steps: 1. First we need to gather all information. 2. Objects identified. 3. Object model. 4. Types of information for objects. 5. Relationships between the objects. 3.5 SYSTEM DESIGN 3.5.1 DATABASE DESIGN Database is a collection of interrelated data that data we stored with minimum redundancy to serve for many users quickly and competently. General objective of database design is to make the data access easy, inexpensive and flexible to the user. Database design is used to define and then specify the structure of business used in the client/server system. A business object is nothing but information that is visible to the users of the system. The database must be normalized one. Data Normalization The entities along with their attributes can be stored in many different ways into a set of tables. The methods of arranging these attributes are called normal forms. The theory behind the arrangement of attributes into table is known as normalization theory. It helps in, * Minimization of duplication data. * Providing flexibility to support different functional requirements. * Enabling the model to be translated to database design. All relations in a relational database are required to satisfy the following condition, every value in a relation each attribute value is atomic so far as system is concerned. Advantages of normalization are: * Helps in reduction in the complexity of maintaining data integrity by removing the redundant data. * It reduces inconsistency of data First normal form: * Eliminate the repeating fields. * Creates a row for each occurrence of a repeated field * Allows exploitation of column functions Second Normal Form: The second normal form has the characteristics of the first normal form and all the attributes must fully be dependent on the primary key. Input Design: Input design is process of converting the user-oriented inputs to the computer-based format. Goal of the designing input data is to make automation as easy and easily finds errors as possible. Provides good input design for the application easy data input and selected features are adopted. There is some basic requirements of the input design such as user friendliness, consistent format and give right message for interactive dialogue and it also helps the user at right time are also considered for development of the project. Following points are consider while designing the input: * Data to input? * Medium to use? * How data is arranged or coded? * Input provides dialogue to the users. * To detect the errors we need validation for data items and transactions. * when Methods for performing input validation and steps to follow when errors occur. Minimize the number of input actions required from user. This can be accomplished by using the mouse to select from predefined set of inputs. In application the user can select the options by using the mouse. The user is allowed to choose priority, mode of transport using predefined set of values. Maintain consistency between information display and data input. The visual characteristics of the display (e.g. text size, color etc) should be carried over to the input domain. In this project the status information are represented by different colors. Allow the user to customize input. An expert user might decide to create customer commands or dispense with some types of warning messages and action verification. Output Design: When designing output, systems analyst must accomplish the following: * Determine what information to present * Decide whether to display, print the information and select the output medium * Arrange the presentation of information in an acceptable format * Decide how to distribute the output to intended recipient Accomplishing the general activities listed above will require specific decisions, such as whether to use preprinted forms when preparing reports and documents, how many line to plan on printed page, or whether to user graphics and color. The output design is specified on layout forms, sheets that describe the location characteristics (such as length and type), and format of the column headings and pagination Table Name: Login This table stores the details about the login .User login table contains the fields username and password. Field Name Data Type Description User Name Text User Name Password Text User Name Table Name: Admin Registration This table stores the details about the admin .Admin registration table contains the fields username and password. Field Name Data Type Description User Name Text User Name Password Text User Name Table Name: User Registration This table stores the details about the user registration. The User Registration table contains the fields. Field Name Data Type Description Name Text User Name Age Integer Age Gender Text Gender Address Text Address Phone no Long Phone Number User Name Long User Name Password Long Password Table Name: Doctor Registration This table stores the details about the doctor registration. The Doctor Registration table contains the fields. Field Name Data Type Description Dr name Text Doctor Name Gender Text Gender Dept Text Department Consultation time Integer Consultation Time Address Text Address Contact no Long Contact Number Emergency no Long Emergency Number Consult fee Long Consultation fees Date Date/Time Date Consultation day Text Consultation Day Tot pat Double Total Patient 3.6 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: Data flow oriented techniques advocate that the major data items handled by a system must be first identified and then the processing required on these data items to produce the desired outputs should be determined. The DFD (also called as bubble chart) is a simple graphical formalism that can be used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system, various processing carried out on these data, and the output generated by the system. It was introduced by De Macro (1978), Gene and Sarson (1979).The primitive symbols used for constructing DFDs are: Symbols used in DFD: A circle represents a process. A rectangle represents external entity A square defines source of the system data. An arrow will identify the dataflow. Double line with one end closed indicates data store 3.6.1CONTEXT DIAGRAM: 3.6.1.1Level 1 DFD Administrator: 3.6.1.2 Level 1 DFD User 3.6.1.3 Level 2 DFD User: 3.6.1.4 Level 2 DFD Admin: 3.8 SYSTEM TESTING: Testing is a process to show the correctness of the program. Testing is needed to show completeness, t improve the quality of the software and to provide the maintenance aid. Some testing standards are therefore necessary reduce the testing costs and operation time. Testing software extends throughout the coding phase and it signify the ultimate review of the design ,configuration and coding. Based on the way the software reacts to these testing, we can decide whether the configuration that has been built is study or not. All components of an application are tested, as the failure to do so many results in a series of bugs after the software is put to use. Testing involves * Unit testing * Integration testing * Acceptance testing The first level of test is unit testing. The purpose of unit testing is to ensure that each program is fully tested. The second step is integration testing. In this individual program units or programs are integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software requirements are met. Acceptance Testing involves planning and the execution of various types of tests in order to demonstrate that the implemented software system satisfies the requirements. Finally our project meets the requirements after going through all the levels of testing. Chapter 4 4.IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE 4.1System Implementation: Implementation includes all those activities that take place to convert from the old system to the new system. The new system may be totally new, replacing an existing system. Proper implementation is essential to provide a reliable system to meet the organization requirements. Sometimes successful implementation may not guarantee any improvement in the organization using the new system. The implementation phase includes the following tasks: * Careful planning. * Investigation of the system and constraints. * Design of methods to achive the change over phase. * Training of staff in the change over phase. * Evaluation of change over. The method of implementation and time scale to be adapted is found out initially.Next,the system is tested properly and at the same time the users were trained in the new environment. In Infrastructure of the E-Health implementation process is successfully implemented the system by satisfying all the aspects of the user. All the procedure are designed to minimise the users resistance to change and make a attitude for f

Improving Speaking Skills Essay

This article examines the different circumstances under which infant and adult learners develop speaking skills. We will see the facilities or difficulties in both cases in order to focus on the real possibilities of adults to develop a high level of speaking proficiency. We will see what the role of the teacher is in order to improve the learners’ skills, the features of oral communication that need to be improved and which strategies can be used to overcome the difficulties. Key words: speaking skills, adult learning, oral communication, teaching strategies. Resumen Este articulo analiza las diferentes circunstancias en las que ninos y adultos desarrollan las destrezas orales. Veremos las facilidades y dificultades en ambos casos para asi centrarnos en las posibilidades reales que tienen los adultos de alcanzar un alto nivel de competencia oral. Veremos tambien cual es el papel del profesor en este contexto, para mejorar las capacidades de los alumnos, y ver cuales son los elementos de la comunicacion oral que hay que mejorar y que estrategias se pueden aplicar para superar las dificultades. Palabras clave: destrezas orales, aprendizaje de adultos, comunicacion verbal, estrategias de ensenanza. If we think of the period in our lives when we learned to speak our first language, and the moment in which we started to make huge efforts to speak our second/foreign language we find significant differences. In the former case, we may have fond memories of what our parents told us; and in the latter, it suddenly becomes a frustrating experience that seems to bring imperfect results. For adults, learning to speak a new language is in many cases far from satisfactory simply because they feel they need to cope with many different aspects at one time, and that seems to be impossible in real conversations. I wonder if it is possible to acquire a high level of speaking proficiency in adults; I wonder if it is possible to make adult learners improve their speaking skills, and the most important thing for teachers: how? The first question we have to consider in order to reach a conclusion is whether learning at infancy is different from learning at adulthood; which are the circumstances that differentiate them and if those onditions inevitably lead to obvious and hopeless results. Only bearing in mind what we can expect of a particular type of learner, we can focus on how to improve their speaking skills. It is obvious that there are marked differences between children learners and adult learners and that they cannot acquire the second language under the same circumstances. Consequently, the results will be also different. Concerning children and the early age at which they learn to speak, we can say that they enjoy certain advantages that make them outstanding learners. They have surprising linguistic abilities due to optimal moment in which they find themselves for language learning, this is to say, at this moment their brain is characterized by a certain plasticity that allows some abilities to develop with ease during a period of time, after which it becomes really difficult for these abilities to be developed (Fleta, 2006: 53), or using 86 Improving Speaking Skills Betsabe Navarro Romero Encuentro, 18, pp. 86-90 Klein’s words ‘between the age of two and puberty the human brain shows the plasticity which allows a child to acquire his first language’ (Klein, 1986: 9). Therefore, children are special learners for their natural and innate abilities to acquire a language. According to Fleta, one of these special abilities is ‘filtering sophisticated information about language properties from birth’ (Fleta, 2006: 49), in other words, children have an enormous ability to integrate difficult information in an easy and unconscious way from the beginning of their development. They are able to acquire and integrate complex data without being aware of it, whereas other learners, at other ages, would find it arduous to achieve. Moreover, apart from this special gift children have for assimilating difficult information, we can mention some of their other qualities, such as their capacity for perceiving and imitating sounds. Some studies have showed that ‘young infants are especially sensitive to acoustic changes at the phonetic boundaries between categories’ (Kuhl, 2004: 832). Also, children are especially good at predicting syllable chunks: ‘infants are sensitive to the sequential probabilities between adjacent syllables’ (Kuhl, 2004: 834) which makes children with a surprising instinct as far as language knowledge is concerned . Finally, students also acquire the ability of ordering words within a sentence (grammar rules) unconsciously: ‘there is some evidence that young children can detect non-adjacencies such as those required to learn grammar’ (Kuhl, 2004: 836). All in all, we can say that children learn the language without being aware of it when they ‘are exposed to the right kind of auditory information’ (Kuhl, 2004: 836), this is, children learn the language through communication and interaction and thanks to that they acquire all the abilities they can potentially develop. On the other hand, concerning adults we observe how difficult is that they can acquire certain native sounds; their pronunciation will be, on many occasions, foreign-like which is due to their difficulty in distinguishing and producing some sounds after the so called ‘critical period’. In that respect, some authors claim that adult learners cannot acquire a phonological development (Lightbown and Spada, 2006: 69). However, other researchers defend the opposite. Wolfgang Klein, in his book Second Language Acquisition (1986) stated that ‘the apparent facility with which children learn a second language is often attributed to biological factors, but an alternative explanation might be that, unlike adults, children have no need to fear the loss of their social identity’ (Klein, 1986: 6). Authors such as Klein argue that phonological facilities of children are not bound to biological reasons, but to psychological ones. In that respect, adults feel attached to their native identities, to their original social identities, which is what prevent them from achieving perfection in L2 pronunciation. Klein confirmed that ‘suitably motivated adults are capable of mastering to perfection the pronunciation of the most exotic languages’ (Klein, 1986: 10). Therefore, we conclude that although the cases of adults speaking a second language without any accent are not very common, this does not mean that it is impossible to acquire a native-like pronunciation. Also, besides phonological issues, we can talk about the capacity of adults to acquire any other kind of linguistic faculties, more related to structural relations (UG). In that sense, there are authors that doubt the validity of Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) by assuring that even adults have access to the well known Universal Grammar. While Lenneberg claimed that only before puberty learners had UG available, authors such as S. W. Felix defended by evidence that adult L2 learners also benefit from the UG principles: ‘If child and adult learners use different modules for the purpose of language acquisition, then we would expect adult learners to be unable to attain grammatical knowledge that arises only through the mediation of UG. If, in contrast, adults do attain this type of knowledge, then, we have reason to believe that UG continues to be active even after puberty’ (Felix, 1988: 279). Therefore, we can conclude that adults are also able to master a proficient use of the second/foreign language, not only in grammatical issues but also in phonological ones, which makes us believe that we can improve adult learners’ speaking skills. 87 Improving Speaking Skills Betsabe Navarro Romero Encuentro, 18, pp. 86-90 Once we know that adults can be biologically and psychologically prepared to have a native-like proficiency in the second language, we should move on to the second language teaching context in order to achieve our aim of improving adult learners’ skills. In that respect, we should reflect on the teachers’ role in this situation and what they can do to be successful with their learners. Teachers therefore need to analyse the students’ needs, face their problems and find fruitful solutions that help them develop their speaking abilities. S. Pit Corder, in his chapter called ‘Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching’, in Introducing Applied Linguistics (1973) defended the important role of linguists who identify the problems of the learners and find solutions for them. Corder added that specialists’ role is to formulate the appropriate questions in order to define problems that need to be faced. Using his words, ‘the formulation of the questions, the identification of the problems and the specification of their nature presupposes linguistic theory. The nature of the problem is defined by the theory which is applied to it. The solution to a problem is only as good as the theory which has been used to solve it’ (Corder, 1973: 138). In this direction he said that in language teaching there are two appropriate questions teachers should make: what to teach and how to teach, ‘these are the problems of content and method, or, using an industrial analogy, the problem of product and process design respectively’ (Corder, 1973: 139). Therefore, if teachers wish to know how to improve speaking skills, what they need to ask themselves first is what they are going to teach, and how. On the one hand, let us consider the first question: what. If we need to improve speaking skills we need to know which skills or which features learners need to develop. In that respect, there are several authors that stated different goals or different dimensions that speakers needed to achieve. Goodwin, for instance, established several goals for a proper pronunciation. She called them ‘functional intelligibility, functional communicability, increased self-confidence, and speech-monitoring abilities’ (Goodwin, 2001: 118). She argued that learners should be able to speak an intelligible foreign language, that is to say, listeners need to understand the learner’s message without huge efforts; learners also need to be successful in a ‘specific communicative situation’ (Goodwin, 2001: 118); they need to ‘gain confidence in their ability to speak and be understood’ (Goodwin, 2001: 118); and finally, they need to monitor and control their own production by paying attention to their own speech. Goodwin specified those abilities that learners need to acquire through certain linguistic features that can be practiced: Intonation, rhythm, reduced speech, linking words, consonants and vowel sounds, word stress, etc. These are concrete speaking aspects in which learners should be trained in order to improve their speaking skills. Similarly, other authors such as Anne Lazaraton suggest that oral communication is based on four dimensions or competences: grammatical competence (phonology, vocabulary, word and sentence formation†¦); sociolinguistic competence (rules for interaction, social meanings); discourse competence (cohesion and how sentences are liked together); and finally, strategic competence (compensatory strategies to use in difficult situations), (Lazaraton, 2001: 104). According to Lazaraton learners should develop all these abilities to acquire a high oral level of the foreign language, but she adds that in recent years, with the influence of the communicative approach, more importance is given to fluency, trying to achieve a balance with the traditional accuracy. Moreover, apart from what pedagogically and theoretically should be taught, many researchers are presently analysing real problems that learners face: ‘fluent speech contains reduced forms, such as contractions, vowel reduction, and elision, where learners do not get sufficient practice’ (Lazaraton, 2001: 103); use of slang and idioms in speech since students tend to sound ‘bookish’ (Lazaraton, 2001: 103), stress, rhythm, intonation, lack of active vocabulary, lack of interaction pattern rules†¦ 88 Improving Speaking Skills Betsabe Navarro Romero Encuentro, 18, pp. 86-90 Once speaking goals have been determined, next step consists of questioning how they are going to be achieved. For designing a concrete methodology teachers need to adopt a theoretical perspective, they need to reflect on the linguistic approach that will be used in their teaching. Many authors, following the up-todate trend of the Communicative approach, defend the interactive role of speaking and promote its teaching from a communicative perspective stressing meaning and context. In Goodwin’s words: ‘In â€Å"Teaching Pronunciation† the goal of instruction is threefold: to enable our learners to understand and be understood, to build their confidence in entering communicative situations, and to enable them to monitor their speech’ (Goodwin, 2001: 131), also ‘pronunciation is never an end in itself but a means of negotiating meaning in discourse, embedded in specific sociocultural and interpersonal contexts’ (Goodwin,2001: 117). If we think of how this theoretical background will be applied in real teaching, we find that in traditional classes they focused speaking practice on the production of single and isolated sounds, whereas within the communicative approach, ‘the focus shifted to fluency rather than accuracy, encouraging an almost exclusive emphasis on suprasegmentals’ (Goodwin, 2001: 117). There is the key word, when communication is the main goal linguistic practice turns into longer structures, at the suprasegmental level; therefore, the training on individual sounds makes way for macro structures that affect interaction directly. The second part of how to teach, moves away from theory to approach real problems and their solutions. Several authors have stated that when learners face problems in speaking they need practical and concrete solutions to know how to behave and respond in order to overcome those difficulties. Mariani, in his article ‘Developing Strategic Competence: Towards Autonomy in Oral Interaction’, recalls L1 strategies that native speakers use when they encounter communication problems, and suggests teaching those strategies to L2 learners: ‘just think of how often, in L1 communication, we cannot find the words to say something and have to adjust our message, or to ask our interlocutor to help us, or to use synonyms or general words to make ourselves understood’ (Mariani, 1994: 1). Mariani classifies those strategies according to the speakers’ behaviour: learners can either avoid certain messages because they don’t feel confident with their speaking skills (‘reduction strategies’), or make the most out of their knowledge and modify their message bearing in mind their weaknesses and strengths (‘achievement strategies’: borrowing, foreignizing, translating†¦(Mariani, 1994: 3). The author praises the latter by saying that achievement strategies are a very interesting way of developing learners’ language domain. Speakers who opt for this option make huge efforts to transmit a message by playing with the language to the extreme, which only brings beneficial consequences. In the second or foreign language classroom context, teachers should train learners to use and practice the different strategies that can help them face difficult situations. The only way of training students in this direction is by means of a bank of activities in which they become aware of the different possibilities that they can put into practice. Authors such as Goodwin or Lazaraton offer a varied list of exercises to be used in class: poems, rhymes, dialogues, monologues, role plays, debates, interviews, simulations, drama scenes, discussions, conversations†¦ Therefore, coming back to the initial question proposed above, I think it is absolutely feasible to teach adults strategies to improve their speaking skills. Of course, that objective depends on many different factors that will affect the degree of acquisition, let us think of age, motivation, or even the context in which the language is learned: ESL versus EFL. In that respect, learners in a second language context will have numberless occasions to practice the language and that will undoubtedly influence their skills development. With reference to the foreign language context, authors such as Lazaraton admitted the difficulties learners 89 Improving Speaking Skills Betsabe Navarro Romero Encuentro, 18, pp. 86-90 ormally face: ‘homogeneous EFL classes, where all students speak the same first language and English is not used outside the classroom, present certain additional challenges for the teacher’ (Lazaraton, 2001: 110). As she said, teachers have considerable limitations in EFL classes such as lack of opportunities to use the language, lack of motivation in the learners, the number of students in the class, curriculum re strictions†¦(Lazaraton, 2001: 110), but there are solutions and strategies, as the ones previously mentioned, that should be put into practice. Mariani, in his article mentioned above, also makes a reflection on whether communication strategies should be teachable or not. He states the pros and cons by saying that training students on specific strategies can provide them with certain limitations and consequently hamper fluent communication: ‘we can hardly force them into a straightjacket of pre-selected strategies. Most of us would agree that we should encourage spontaneity, creativity and originality in language use’ (Mariani, 1994: 7). However, on the other hand, he argues that if learners become aware of the different strategies they can flexibly use, they will finally integrate them either consciously or unconsciously, which will stretch their possibilities for communication. To sum up, as teachers can, and should, improve learners’ speaking skills and communication strategies, the only thing they need to do is to plan their teaching around two main questions: what they want to teach, which specific speaking features they want to develop in their learners; and how they want to do it.